Melbourne Transport System Essay Example

Melbourne Transport System Essay Name: Course: Educator: Date: We will compose a custom exposition test on Melbourne Transport System explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Melbourne Transport System explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on Melbourne Transport System explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Melbourne Transport System Dynamic As indicated by universal norms, the Melbourne transport framework is viewed as one of the most tested on the planet. In spite of the fact that it has the biggest cable car arrange on the planet, the general vehicle framework is gradually crumbling. The various issues confronting the vehicle framework incorporate scratch-offs of train plans at stations, enlargement of ticket admissions, lack of foresight and laxity with respect to the administration, clog on the streets, security issues and considerable delays at stations. These issues require prompt intercession by the administration to improve the vehicle framework in the city. The framework can be improved if accuse games between the administration and the private area halted. The legislature additionally should be severe in its guidelines about vehicle quality inside Melbourne and its environmental factors. The ticket passages should be managed and viably controlled. Ticket monitors should be rebuffed and taught for their absence of habits and regard for travelers. More individuals should begin utilizing transports to go rather than vehicles with the goal that traffic blockage diminishes. Transport service ought to force unforgiving laws on nature of trains and cable cars being utilized to maintain a strategic distance from bothers. Presentation The Melbourne transport framework is one of the most seasoned vehicle frameworks on the planet. Transport in Melbourne comprises of across the board organizes and a wide variety of transport administrations, for example, cable car, transport, railroad administrations, road arrange, only yet to give some examples. Melbourne’s cable car organize is considered the biggest on the planet given by its incorporation into the train and transport systems. There are about 300 transport courses and a 16-line train framework overhauling Melbourne and its encompassing regions. Melbourne’s Western Central Business District is the place all railroad systems interface. The principle method of transport in Melbourne is train transport. It is ingenious, efficient and broad. As much as it helps Australians, there are issues joined to the vehicle framework that should be tended to. The Melbourne transport framework has been confronting various difficulties from train abrogations, increment of ticket passages, provocations, lack of foresight, traffic blockage, security, pauses, and so forth. Given by the issues encompassing the vehicle framework; a great many people are selecting to utilize private intends to make a trip to stay away from the hustle that accompanies utilizing the city’s transport framework. The information for this report was acquired from books and articles about the vehicle framework in Melbourne. Results An expected 7 percent of all excursions inside the metropolitan region in Melbourne are finished by the open vehicle framework. The greater part of the occupants of Melbourne city are disappointed with the vehicle framework benefits and might want to see a few changes and enhancements. Train retractions have become a typical event in the city, and this shows the apparent emergency of the vehicle framework. The ongoing charge increment has likewise added to the rising discontent of travelers. As indicated by universal measures, Melbourne analyzes inadequately regarding putting resources into the vehicle framework. The issues have prompted countless travelers picking to utilize private intends to get to their goals. Conversation Train scratch-offs in the city have been disappointing workers, and the supports for this marvel are outlandish. As per the CEO of Connex, Jonathan Metcalfe, the retractions have been expected to â€Å"very blistering weather† (qtd in Windisch, 2009). Likewise, he accuses this issue for the RTBU (Rail, Tram and Bus Union) asserting that it â€Å"stopped a few trains running that could without much of a stretch have been in use† (qtd in Windisch, 2009). Occupants of Melbourne are not happy with this clarification in light of the fact that the climate is sweltering throughout the mid year, and that ought not be a reason for the train abrogations. Increasingly fault is moved to Connex from RTBU about their inability to improve continuation norms and give sufficient work force to take care of the issues. The trains undoings demonstrate troubling to the travelers particularly considering it is quicker to utilize them to move around. Ticket passages were expanded by an expected 9 percent from January 1 this year. All excursions under 40km were influenced by this expand in passages. Passing by this expansion, open vehicle in Melbourne turned into the most costly in Australia (Davies, â€Å"Is the 9% expansion in broad daylight transport tolls fair?†). Troubled workers are compelled to pay extra for short excursions and absence of tickets prompts weighty fines forced by the ticket examiners. At the point when found without a ticket, travelers are confronted with the weight of settling up to $153 or confront indictment and badgering from the investigators. These controllers feel that they can bug workers. Their proceeded with animosity and encounter conduct has prompted protests by suburbanites everywhere throughout the city. It isn't sufficient that admissions have become deplorable the badgering is getting overpowering on clients of open vehicle. With the expanding passages and customer dissatisfaction abou t the Melbourne transport framework, severe estimates should be taken for a superior future. Open vehicle and private methods have come about to expanded traffic blockage on the streets of Melbourne. Transports and private vehicles have blocked the street framework in the city. Making a trip to any piece of the city has become a danger due to the ever-present traffic on the streets brought about by the transports and different vehicles. Given by this debilitating marvel, more individuals are deciding to go via train and this has prompted packing in the trains. A few organizations that are bringing new trains and cable cars into the market have been blamed for bringing low-quality trains into the city. The administration has since been accused for this issue in light of lack of common sense and absence of thorough standards and guidelines in the vehicle framework. Workers have additionally whined about the poor administrations and infrequencies of the cable cars particularly during ends of the week. Open vehicle serve conceded rout when he stated, â€Å"you’ll never u nder any circumstance arrive at where you can say we’ve fixed the problem† (qtd in Gardiner, â€Å"Public transport serve Terry Mulder has conceded he can't convey Melbourne an ideal train system†) The hold up between administrations is viewed as the most maddening part of Melbourne transport framework. This issue is exceptionally seen during off-top hours where suburbanites are compelled to hold up between 30 minutes and an hour for transports. In different urban communities around the globe, travelers just need to hold up 10 minutes between administrations, which makes their vehicle frameworks increasingly appealing and advantageous. Suburbanites are continually griping about hanging tight for administrations at stations, and the legislature has not put forth any attempts to improve this circumstance. Also, if the legislature improved the vehicle administrations, â€Å"more individuals would utilize the framework and it would be more secure as a result† (PTUA, â€Å"The issue with Melbourne’s Transport†). This should be possible if the administration and the private part gave adequate enrollment at the stations to cause the travelers to feel safe. Securit y has likewise been penetrated in cable cars on the grounds that there are no conductors, along these lines, imparting dread in a large portion of the travelers. End The Melbourne transport framework has been confronting various difficulties since days of yore. A portion of these issues extend from toll issues, train abrogations, disturbances from ticket examiners and security in the framework. In addition, there have been rising instances of traffic blockage out and about given by the expanding number of transports and different vehicles, the administration laxity to design enough and the considerable delays at stations. Ticket tolls have gone up as of late creation it hard to utilize open vehicle. Instances of trains undoings particularly during top hours keep on burdening numerous suburbanites. Ticket controllers have discovered a proviso in their work by annoying travelers for botches as meager as lacking tickets in trains and cable cars. Since the staffing on the vehicle framework isn't adequate, instability keeps on approaching in the trains and cable cars. Transports and individual vehicles keep on expanding the traffic blockage on the streets. Lack of common sense and laxity by the administration has offered approach to shameful trains in the frameworks, which have must be dropped for disappointment. Suburbanites are continually griping about the long brains at the stations between administrations. These issues have settled for the easiest option of Melbourne in contrast with different urban communities around the globe. Taking a gander at the issues in the Melbourne transport framework it is basic that compelling measures are taken to improve the circumstance. Proposals So as to counter the issue in the Melbourne transport framework, government authorities need to quit accusing train undoings for the climate and take care of business. They should just permit prepares in great conditions to work. It would be to the greatest advantage of the city if there were no train retractions inside the vehicle framework. The costs for tickets likewise should be controlled. The expansion in admission has just pursued workers from open vehicle henceforth diminishing the income gathered from open vehicle. Mindful government and private specialists should discover approaches to improve the evaluating methodology in the framework so individuals would return

Classical hollywood systems

Traditional hollywood frameworks Conceptual: The primary target of this course work is to give different similitudes and contrasts in the old style Hollywood frameworks. The old style variant of the Hollywood studio frameworks are generally somewhere in the range of 1910 and 1960. In spite of the fact that its the longest period to assess, the movies somewhere in the range of 1930 and 1949 are thought of. There are enormous number of studios are available in the Hollywood film where just hardly any studios exist from the earliest starting point. The two significant film studios are UNIVERSAL STUDIOS and WARNER BROTHERS. In this venture, these 2 studios are examined in detail. Specifically their studio frameworks, likenesses and contrasts in their style of film making. WARNER BROTHERS: Warner brothers studios were found by four siblings harry warner, Albert warner, Sam warner and jack warner. The four siblings were Jews emigrated from Poland. They began the business by having an own projector. The projector was utilized for the display business. The principal theater was opened in Pennsylvania in 1903. In the underlying stage, they start to create some common films to pack achievement. Getting effective reaction from the individuals warner siblings began thinking distinctively with sound, shading and style. The motion pictures delivered before are soundless films. This sound motion pictures was the thought gave by the most youthful Sam warner. At first the solicitation was not been acknowledged by harry. In any case, to deliver film at various territory, the solicitation was recognized. Screen play was the division which was focused more by the warner siblings. Their definitive objective was to elucidate the craft of screenplay in old style Hollywood film. Warner siblings partitioned the studio framework into different undertakings, for example, coordinating, sound, cinematography, craftsmanship bearing, story obtaining and altering. The screenplay was additionally isolated into discrete undertakings, for example, abstract, treatment keeping, shooting content end. These classes are uniformly appropriated among three scholars while an author can without much of a stretch focus on a specific field. 1930 to 1950 is the brilliant period for warner siblings. Since they ordered the films into different sorts. For example, Wrongdoing Criminal Awfulness analyst murder Parody Womens films Western Melodic War Social dramatization Distinction motion pictures. To outline significant varieties in account structure every single class was picked. The criminal films were delivered dependent on the social issues. The legend of progress was the main impact characterized America as an open boorish society. The subsequent impact was the supervisor governmental issues and the third impact was forbiddance. Some model for the fruitful criminal films are 1931-Little Caesar 1931-Public foe 1932-Scarface 1933-Blondie Johnson. Thinking about the primary class, James Cagney ruled the class during 1930s. In the second classification dim boulevards, bars, clubs, penthouse lofts and a few stations are appeared as a types imperative part. The third classification shows the criminal as an advanced city man and holds the vast majority of the parts all alone. The legend of the G-Man is the film which implements the stiffer creation code. This significant turn around is viewed as the second pattern of hoodlum pictures. In 1936, slugs or polling forms shows a similar hoodlum film yet appeared in an alternate setting, for example, the legend joins the pack and functions as a covert and wrecks the posse. To the extent social shows, the dark rage was the principal film which has been discharged in the year 1935. This film uncovers the sensationalized work and modern distress. Fundamentally social shows fells into three classifications. They are social awareness, sensationalist reporting and working mens motion pictures. The social shows as a creation methodology was overshadowed by issues of more prominent worry during the 1940s as America entered World War II. The following type is melodic motion pictures. Warner siblings delivered all sort of motion pictures in a specific time range. The principal melodic film was delivered in 1926. Jazz artist was the primary melodic film which was coordinated by Alan Crosland. In 1928, the singing dolt was made by warner siblings. As a variety of the criminals sort, warner siblings possibly locate an ideal equation as wrongdoing motion pictures. Warner utilizes indistinguishable stars from hoodlum motion pictures just as wrongdoing films. Among wrongdoing motion pictures, jail pictures are extremely mainstream. The main gatherings of jail motion pictures were delivered during 1930s and 1933s. The second gathering of wrongdoing motion pictures in 1936. Alcatraz Island in a film with more activity successions and was a decent intense film. The following significant class was war motion pictures in which warner siblings focused more in view of soul. From 1915 to 1970 warner siblings made increasingly more war films which basically shows the American battling as decided, daring and effective. After the principal universal war, the war class enters the episode of threats in Europe. These films portrays Resistance to narrow mindedness Progressivism to response Pacifism to militarism. During the interim between the two universal wars, warner began creating enthusiastic motion pictures with appreciation. All inclusive STUDIOS: The hardest rivalry for warner siblings during their creation is all inclusive studios. All inclusive pictures focused on a not many kind motion pictures, for example, Womens motion pictures Analyst films Blood and gore films Western motion pictures. In spite of the fact that womens films are relegated to an exceptionally minor status and not all the studios faced challenge in delivering such motion pictures. This kind motion pictures was generally created somewhere in the range of 1935 and 1950. These years gave more womens motion pictures in which all credit goes to widespread studios. The womens films predecessors are found at acting and these kinds were not created until 1920s. The class gave off an impression of being distinctive in different studios. In 1940, general studios choose to build up some noir womens film. This subsequent stage was viewed as an amalgamation of the individual taste of all inclusive pictures. A few components continues womens films. They are Flashback arrangements Pessimistic subjects Voice over portrayal Practical activity Lighting strategies and Expressionistic camera. All inclusive studios presently have the idea about blood and gore films. Dracula and Frankenstein were the motion pictures which achieves a more noteworthy accomplishment during thirties. At that point the organization starts to release the mummies and werewolves. These blood and gore flicks start to frequent the individuals. This empowers chiefs and the widespread studio to make different beasts based motion pictures with totally unique idea. Puzzle of the wax exhibition hall was a spin-off and it is an advanced blood and gore movie. During these creations, some unique stories are intended to make as a film. These sort of plans gave some great films to Hollywood film which are even immaculate in the current specialized world. During the thirties, investigator motion pictures benefited some help to not just film makers and the crowds also. Sherlock Holmes carried out the responsibility to widespread pictures while the slight man arrangement for MGM. Sherlock Holmes turns into a model for all executives for making a criminologist film. Focusing on adolescent crowds, widespread pictures creates a ton of Nancy drew and torchy blane motion pictures. About nine motion pictures were spoken to by torchy blane who stars with Glenda Farrell. Then again, the Nancy drew arrangement were featured by Bonita Granville which was embraced from a novel of Carolyn Keene. There are four motion pictures in this arrangement and all were coordinated by a similar individual William Clemens. Murder motion pictures are the following cutting edge class which achieves achievement as a result of the exciting and riddle groupings present in the film. Western motion pictures are the most extravagant and suffering sort in Hollywood. It comprises of a gallant story with some visual components and account designs. The main type whose life expectancy is long is the western motion pictures. Despite the fact that the class face a solid set back because of the absence of specialized elements. Similitudes: We have examined about different sorts and motion pictures in the past areas. Those movies are delivered in two distinct studios and they have various characteristics. Presently let us examine the regular factors that these studios have and how these elements made them normal. Movie producers created formal strategies that made shooting generally brisk and simple: Shoot whatever scenes are generally conservative to take shots at a given time (shoot out of Arrangement when fundamental) Spread any given grouping from however many various edges as would be prudent and with numerous Takes of each edge to give the maker and editorial manager a great deal of material to browse Alter the material to make straight progression, cut on development, and keep eyeliners coordinated (Keeping up the bearing an individual is looking starting with one shot then onto the next). Among different classifications, both general studios and warner siblings pictures utilize some regular kind motion pictures. War, melodic, ladies, western, frightfulness is a portion of the regular kinds. Cross cutting is an indispensable gadget utilized for coherence style. This strategy was utilized by both the studios. The primary goal of this strategy is to build the strain during portrayal. Then is a basic account strategy which is artistic equal to cross cutting. The cross cutting method utilized for the story line at the hour of presenting two driving characters in a film and interesting way. The following basic angle is perspective shot. In this method, altering is significant gadget utilized by movie producers to make great crowd distinguishing proof with the film characters. It replaces the crowd instead of principle character in the film. This procedure is normal for the awfulness class in which the executive regularly puts the watcher inside the survey position of the beast. The following closeness will be cinematography. The key element in this procedure is three point lighting. These traditional studios are the genuine case of three point lighting. So as to light the subject, key, fill and backdrop illuminations are utilized. Three point lighting plan is the normally utilized lighting plan and it makes a difference

Misdiagnosis of Panic Disorder

Misdiagnosis of Panic Disorder Panic Disorder Diagnosis Print Misdiagnosis of Panic Disorder Could You Have Been Misdiagnosed? By Katharina Star, PhD facebook linkedin Katharina Star, PhD, is an expert on anxiety and panic disorder. Dr. Star is a professional counselor, and she is trained in creative art therapies and mindfulness. Learn about our editorial policy Katharina Star, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on May 13, 2019 Caiaimage/Robert Daly/Getty Images More in Panic Disorder Diagnosis Symptoms Treatment Coping Related Conditions The American Psychiatric Association first recognized panic disorder as a mental health condition in 1980. It was then that panic disorder was categorized into the Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM 5), the handbook used by mental health professionals to diagnose mental health conditions. Researchers, psychiatrists, and other mental health professionals who treat panic disorder have long debated about what criteria to include in the diagnosis of panic disorder.   Given that panic disorder and agoraphobia are relatively newly classified disorders, that there are many public misconceptions about panic disorder, and the difficulty that mental health professionals have in agreeing about the diagnostic criteria, it is not surprising that panic disorder has the potential to be misdiagnosed. After seeking help for panic disorder, it is possible to be misdiagnosed or not diagnosed at all. Listed here are some potential reasons why a misdiagnosis can occur. Related and Co-Occurring Conditions There are several mental health conditions that have some similar features and symptoms of panic disorder. According to the DSM, panic disorder is categorized as an anxiety disorder. Anxiety disorders all have some similarities, particularly underlying fear and worry. Social anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, general anxiety disorder, and PTSD are all anxiety-related conditions that share commonalities with panic disorder. Since these disorders are so closely related, it is not surprising that misdiagnosis can occur. It is also not uncommon for a person with panic disorder to have another mental health condition as well. Misdiagnosis can occur when one disorder remains unrecognized. For example, depression is a mood disorder that frequently accompanies panic disorder. If a person is struggling with both symptoms of depression and panic, it can be possible that the symptoms of depression are more evident than the panic disorder symptoms. Miscommunication With Mental Health Professionals When seeking out help for your panic disorder and anxiety, it is important to find professionals who are knowledgeable about diagnosing mental health conditions. Family doctors, psychiatrists, psychologists, and mental health counselors are all professionals who treat panic disorder. In order to get the right diagnosis, you will need to be open and honest about your symptoms. Misdiagnosis can occur if your doctor does not have clear and accurate information on what you have been experiencing. Good communication with your doctor will help you get the diagnosis and treatment that you need. Panic Disorder Discussion Guide Get our printable guide to help you ask the right questions at your next doctors appointment. Download PDF Make sure that you discuss any concerns about your diagnosis with your doctor and don’t be afraid to get a second opinion. Not Understanding Panic Disorder There are many misunderstandings and myths about panic disorder. For example, the media often uses the term panic attack to describe common nervousness. Many times, the words panic attack and anxiety are used interchangeably, even though there are distinct differences. If you have been diagnosed with a mental health condition, ask your provider to explain the diagnostic criteria to you and reasons for giving you that diagnosis. You may believe that you have been misdiagnosed, but it is possible that you did not fit the diagnostic criteria for panic disorder. Misdiagnosis is a serious issue. If you have been misdiagnosed or undiagnosed, you may not receive the proper treatment for panic disorder. If you believe you have been misdiagnosed, address your concerns with your doctor or mental health provider. It can be helpful to have a list of your symptoms available and you may want to consider enlisting a supportive loved one to bring along to your appointment. Most likely, your doctor will address your concerns and determine a treatment plan that will help you manage your symptoms.

The Effects Of Cultural Products On The Culture Industry

Compared to Adorno and Horkheimer, Stuart Hall states in his essay, Encoding/Decoding, that consumers of cultural products can decide what the message is. Ultimately in his essay Hall suggests that in encoding that the creator does not always decide the message, the message is not always clear, and that the audience does not always simply absorb the message that the creator has placed into the product. The purpose of this essay to analyze both works and display both arguments regarding the messages consumers receive. In the essay The Culture Industry, Adorno and Horkheimer bring up the argument that audience members take the message simply take a message from whatever media products that they are exposed to. The two main arguments that are brought up the authors are that everything is the same (Adorno Horkheimer, 36). The second argument that is taken into account is the ‘culture industry’ that they describe is that everything is about money (34). These two arguments are what they use to suggest that audiences merely take in the message that is displayed to them. According to Adorno and Horkheimer anything that is found within the ‘culture industry’ is similar to one another (34). What can be concluded from the argument is that many of the ideas that are presented on screen through various types of media are that the same ideas and aesthetic is repeated constantly. By looking at the example of the films produced in today’s society it is easy to believe Adorno andShow MoreRelatedEffects Of Cultural Appropriation On The Fashion Industry1316 Words   |  6 PagesJulia Raffa English 1110.01 David Winter 23 October 2015 The Effects of Cultural Appropriation in the Fashion Industry The fashion industry is one of the most prevalent and visible forms of influence on today’s society. 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They sell products in virtually every country around the world and lead the market in manufacturing cleaning products and storage for the home. SC Johnson is a company who is dedicated to the communities in which they operate and also to their innovative, high-quality products. They recognize communication among Nations can become challenging. By recognizing and definingRead MoreWe Create Happiness By Providing The Best In Entertainment1379 Words   |  6 PagesIntroductionï ¼ Essay Map â€Å"Culture can be the engine for economic, social and environmental transformation of the space in which we live. Culture is not passive; rather it is one of the fastest growing and most labor intensive industries in advanced nations.†(Arzeni, 2003) Compared with the difference between normal enterprise and cultural enterpriseï ¼Å' an evolving definition of cultural entrepreneur is to definite it as driver of global change, creating economic value and promoting cultural preservation and

Analysis Of The Book Tom Sawyer - 1629 Words

Tom sawyer is a very fun and entertaining book and is great for all families and children alike. Why do i say this, I say this because the book of Tom Sawyer is set in St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg may be small but it s got everything a boy could ever want. This really adds to the excitement and appeal of the book. Another thing that adds to the appeal of the book is the narrator point of view. Twain does a good job of using versatility and verbal skill in the narrator point of view. For example tom s words have a bit of boyish energy to them. For example tom states oh, if only i d had a little more whitewash, this is a lack of a better term, it s as if twain does more than thinking about his characters, it s almost as if he can†¦show more content†¦But tom as smart as he is catches on to aunt polly s motive s and sewed his shirt collar back in place after his swim that afternoon. And tom did so well in fact that Aunt polly apologizes to tom for her suspicions. He almost g ets away with it too. Until sidney Points out that black thread was used to sew back Toms collar which was originally white .This proves that tom can be very intellectual and can make very bad decisions to avoid getting in trouble. Just simple acts like these remind many people of the things they did in their childhood. Which better allows them to connect to the book which is exactly what Mark twain wanted as a writer. To allow people to connect with his novels. Especially his most popular novels like tom sawyer. At times Tom can seem to be unpredictable at times. For example in chapter 3 you see a darker side of Tom. A lot of the time toms carefree attitude mask what could be considered self esteem. He constantly wants something he doesn t quite fully understand something that he considers â€Å"Glory† He is willing to trade many of his worldly possessions for his so called glory. Tom also loves to show off but in darker times when tom feels like he is getting enough love, T om Goes into what i would call a type of depression where he questions whether or not he even deserves to live, by imagining his own funeral. Although tom will never beShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Book Tom Sawyer 1094 Words   |  5 PagesMark Twain’s book titled Tom Sawyer has great popularity. Twain is a famous American author known for his stories. 1876 is the year of publication of the book. Nevertheless, over the years there have been many editions of it. I chose the book because it is quite an interesting read since it presents the adventurous life story of a boy as he grows up. It is thus an adventurous book. His life and the manner in which he interacts with people around him are impressively demonstrated in the book. This paperRead MoreCritical Analysis Of The Adventures Of Tom Sawyer904 Words   |  4 PagesThe Adventures of Tom Sawyer Critical Analysis â€Å"Sometimes problems don’t require a solution to solve them, instead they require maturity to outgrow them.† (1). Eventually in life we will have to grow up and face our problems maturely, and it’s a large price to pay. In The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, Tom faces a challenge of maturity. The question is, did Tom mature socially or morally more? My thesis is Tom matured morally over socially in the book, due to how much he doesn’t learn to obey thoseRead MoreLiterary Analysis Term Paper for Tom Sawyer : a Classic Novel771 Words   |  4 PagesLiterary Analysis Term Paper for Tom Sawyer: A Classic Novel Mark Twain’s book is a novel that follows the juvenile life of a small boy. You will see how much fun the main character, Tom, and his friends have by skipping school, fishing, swimming, and using with their imaginations to have a good time. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer is a classic novel for many reasons. The plot gives us an idea about how people lived in the era the book takes place in. Readers enjoy the book because they can relateRead MoreThe Adventures Of Tom Sawyer . __________________. A Book1061 Words   |  5 PagesTHE ADVENTURES OF TOM SAWYER __________________ A Book Review Presented to Mr. Parsons and Mrs. Amy Lack Woodville High School __________________ U.S. History I and English 10 __________________ by Arian Campbell April 19, 2017 The Adventures Of Tom Sawyer The Adventures Of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain is a 271-page novel. Tom is a boy, and merely and exactly an ordinary boy on the moral side. What makes him delightful to the reader is that on the imaginative side he is very much more, andRead MoreMark Twain s Adventures Of Tom Sawyer1586 Words   |  7 Pagescharacters, and plot of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer are closely related to Mark Twain’s own life experiences. 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Tom is the constant, his immaturity not changing from the beginning to the end of Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, while Huck is the changing variableRead MoreHuck Finn Character Analysis Essay1057 Words   |  5 PagesThe Adventures Huckleberry Finn Character Analysis The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn was written by Mark Twain in 1884 and is considered to be a Great American Novel. Mark Twain’s adventurous novel depicts the image of a young American boy living along the Mississippi River in the mid-1800s and expresses interpretations on on rules, morality, and racism. This caused a lot of controversy and criticism, due to the moral compass of the times. Although main characters play a major role throughout theRead More Huck Finn Analysis Essay1322 Words   |  6 PagesHuck Finn Analysis The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn A Critical Analysis SECTION I- Chapters 1 through 11 The book introduces Huck as the first person narrator which is important because it establishes clearly that this book is written from the point of view of a young, less than civilized character. His character emerges as a very literal and logical thinker who only believes what he can see with his own eyes. In this section Huck’s life with the Widow Douglas and her attempts toRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn 1332 Words   |  6 PagesHuckleberry Finn Cheat Sheet Title: Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Author: Mark Twain Publication: December 10, 1884 Setting and Time period: The setting throughout the story mainly takes place along areas by the Mississippi River, and as stated in the book, â€Å"Forty to Fifty Years ago†. Characters: Huckleberry Finn - The protagonist and narrator of the novel. Huck is the thirteen-year-old son of the local drunk of St. Petersburg, Missouri, a town on the Mississippi River. Frequently forced to surviveRead MoreHuck Finn, And The Symbolism Of Huckleberry Finn830 Words   |  4 Pagesinjustice as a way to suggest civilization will never advance unless Americans can overcome the greed they have gained from supremacy. Huck describes many men as great and heroic throughout the novel. The way Huck talks about Col. Grangerford and Tom Sawyer are some of the most evident examples of this. In fact, he dedicates the start of chapter 18 to describe Col. Grangerford as a â€Å"Gentlemen all over† and â€Å"well born.† (105.) But quickly we see Huck’s view is tainted by the Grangerford’s romanticized

Hrm/300 Managment Overview Free Essays

Human Resource Management Overview University of Phoenix HRM/300 November 14, 2012 Human Resource Management Overview Organizations require people to run everyday operations, which mean every organization needs human resource management. Today’s paper will discuss what human resource management is, and its primary function within an organization. Every organization has a strategic plan, and human resource management play a critical role in the implementation and production of that plan. We will write a custom essay sample on Hrm/300 Managment Overview or any similar topic only for you Order Now Last, will discuss the role of human resource management in an organization’s strategic planning. What is Human Resource Management? According to Reed (2012), from the University of North Carolina Wilmington, Human resource management or HRM, assist in the development and education of people within the organization. The world is constantly changing and evolving each day. Human resource management must understand many aspects of society and the world to properly prepare an organization for those changes. For example, those changes could be: Globalization, technology, workforce diversity, labor shortages, continuous improvement initiatives, etc†¦ Primary Function of HRM There are many functions of HRM within an organization. However, the primary function of HRM is to increase the effectiveness and contribution ability of its employees, while attaining the goals and objectives of the organization. This could include continuing education, department cross-training, certification processes, diversity training, etc†¦ (DeCenzo Robbins, 2007). As stated in the aforementioned paragraph, HRM has many roles within an organization. Some of these roles include compensation, benefits, training and development, employee relations, recruiting, and hiring process. Based on the broad spectrum of responsibilities for HRM, it is crucial for one to behold solid communication skills and decision-making capabilities. One may argue it is also critical to behold strong analytical skills and critical thought processes. These are skills one needs to stay competitive in today’s business world (DeCenzo Robbins, 2007). HRM’s Role in an Organization’s Strategic Plan After generations of arguing, there is still an ongoing debate about the role HRM play in an organization’s strategic planning process. Some senior management believes HRM’s role is solely as a compliance function. Other senior management looks to HRM as a consultative service. No matter one’s stance on this debate, there is no denying the impact HRM has on the strategic plan of an organization (DeCenzo Robbins, 2007). HRM professionals continue to fight for the proverbial â€Å"seat at the table† in this debate. HRM has nothing to worry about in most organizations. Successful organizations rarely develop a strategy involving human capital without the consideration of HRM. Even more important, no strategic plan is successful without effective recruiting, deployment, and development of human capital. This is exactly why HRM should have a â€Å"seat at the table† at all times (DeCenzo Robbins, 2007). HRM provides value at every level of the strategic planning cycle by demonstrating knowledge, alignment, success, and vision of the organization. HRM must recruit each candidate that best fits the needs of the business. If the business is suffering or needs improvements in a specific area, HRM will recruit to fill that position based on specific criteria the business is looking for to further advance its position within the competitive market. If HRM does not function at a high level within this one function, the entire business is at risk (DeCenzo Robbins, 2007). Conclusion Exploiting opportunities and identifying goals are the two most important aspects of strategic planning. HRM plays a critical role during this process, while limiting and considering all associated risks. HRM helps align goals and initiatives while aligning all necessary resources to deliver the desired results of its key stakeholders. HRM should be involved in every step of every process. If one can execute successfully these uiding principles throughout each phase of strategic planning, one’s future is bright. Involving HRM will strengthen the position of the strategy by providing fact-based insight to stakeholders. In time, HRM will align the necessary resources to achieve the initiatives and goals of management and the strategic plan. References DeCenzo, D. , Robbins, S. (2007). Fundamentals of Human Resource Management (9th ed. ). John Wi ley and Sons. Reed, D. (2012). University of North Carolina Wilmington. What is human resource management. Retrieved from http://uncw. edu/career/humanresources. html How to cite Hrm/300 Managment Overview, Essay examples

Brico Devices for Corporate Social Responsibility- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theBrico Devices for Corporate Social Responsibility. Answer: Introduction The purpose of this report is to evaluate the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) at Brico Devices and to make recommendations for improvements. The report was commissioned by the CEO Mr Mathew Flanagan after a negative coverage in the press and media about the Brico Devices. This report will look at; Remuneration Working conditions Waste disposal methods Environmental unsustainable practice The information was gathered from face-to-face interviews, a questionnaire sent to the managers and supervisors and a site inspection carried out plus a scrutiny on the internal company documents. Findings Remuneration A CSR audit showed that; Brico Devices have been paying below the minimum pay rate as required by the government. A comparison of the salary to the basic rate fixed by the government showed a low pay rate which in turn affects the productivity and the CSR. No Superannuation A CSR audit revealed that there was no superannuation at Brico Devices and employees retired at the age of 60. Working Conditions After an investigation at Brico Devices, it became clear that; A chain of command was not implemented within the company which was the major cause of the poor working conditions. The poor working condition has affected the corporate social responsibility since the working environment is not conducive making the team members stressed. Records showed that the employees worked more than 60 hours per week and one day off per week was not adhered to in some facilities within Brico Devices. Waste disposal methods It was discovered that; The waste disposal practices were unsafe and directly and indirectly damaged the environment causing incurable infections. Both the employees and the environment were affected by the unsafe waste disposal at Brico Devices. Environmentally unsustainable practice After the investigation it became clear that; there was an increasing use of the limited resources in the manufacturing process at the company Conclusion In light of the above findings, it is evident that Brico Devices has violated the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). The employees working conditions are below the required standards as determined by the Australia government. According to the Australian economic indicators February 2012, working conditions are regulated by the federal legislations, the awards, the workplace agreement, and the contracts which are unresented at Brico Devices. If the pay rate is not looked at the company risk losing its employees lowering their productivity and may face a government sanction. An increase in the pay rate will increase retention level hence increasing productivity at Brico Devices. Recommendations The company need to implement a workplace management for its employees- according to Cotton and Hart, staff wellbeing is determined by the risk management framework used in a company. The level of hierarchy in the company will foresee the working conditions of all employees (Hardy and Howe2010). Payment rate increased to the basic rate as required by the government- the Australian government minimum wage stand at AU$15.96 per hour which sum to AU$606.40 per week (Charlesworth and Heron 2012). Safe waste disposal measures and proper discharge of toxic gases- from the Australian research council, environmental harm is a crime and mismanagement makes the waste cycle hazardous (Vander Beken and Balcean 2006). References Banerjee, S.B., 2008. Corporate social responsibility: The good, the bad and the ugly. Critical sociology, 34(1), pp.51-79 Charlesworth, S. and Heron, A., 2012. New Australian working time minimum standards: Reproducing the same old gendered architecture?. Journal of Industrial relations, 54(2), pp.164-181. Cooper, R., 2010. The new industrial relations and international economic crisis: Australia in 2009. Journal of Industrial Relations, 52(3), pp.261-274. Costa, I., Massard, G. and Agarwal, A., 2010. Waste management policies for industrial symbiosis development: case studies in European countries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 18(8), pp.815-822. Golob, U. and Bartlett, J.L., 2007. Communicating about corporate social responsibility: A comparative study of CSR reporting in Australia and Slovenia. Public Relations Review, 33(1), pp.1-9. Hardy, T. and Howe, J., 2010. Partners in enforcement? The new balance between government and trade union enforcement of employment standards in Australia. Ray, R., Sanes, M. and Schmitt, J., 2013. No-vacation nation revisited. Center for Economic and Policy Research. Vander Beken, T. and Balcaen, A., 2006. Crime opportunities provided by legislation in market sectors: mobile phones, waste disposal, banking, pharmaceuticals. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 12(3-4), pp.299-323.

An Overview of Sociopathy, Psychopathy, and Antisocial Behavior Professor Ramos Blog

An Overview of Sociopathy, Psychopathy, and Antisocial Behavior https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1HgW0zEKOhVPNEfgXXJWTuS4WoJmwe1nd5RJR35Fowwg/edit?usp=sharing

Free Essays on Poor Leadership

Poor Leadership is Responsible for Iraqi Prisoner Atrocities Donald H. McGannon once quoted that â€Å"Leadership is action, not position†. The author of a recently published Associated Press article titled â€Å"Troops Reprimanded For Abuse†, sited training as the reason for the abuse of prisoner in Iraq. I don’t believe training should be solely blamed as the cause for these atrocities. I believe that poor Leadership is the cause for the behavior US soldiers demonstrated against Iraqi prisoners. These atrocious deeds conducted by a few people have renewed the hatred toward American citizens and our military. As a recently retire Military Policeman from the United States Air Force, I find the actions of a few Army Soldiers to be an abomination against everything I spent twenty-two years protecting. Their actions have tarnished the reputation of every decent American trying to help the Iraqi people. This article sited Seven soldiers, six officers and one enlisted, who have received reprimands and been relieved of t heir duties for actions resulting from poor leadership. The article slanted the perception of the incident as the lack of training being the key in the actions taken by the guards. I believe even more apprehensible then the people who committed the acts, are the people placed in the leadership role that allowed it happen. In my view, poor command or leadership is the cause of this brutality, not inadequate training. As a military policeman I was assigned for four months as a guard at Camp X-Ray in Guantanimo Bay Cuba, watching Cuban Migrants. I can attest to the many hours of training that the Army provides its soldiers and anyone working with them, in regards to the protection of prisoners. The training I received from the Army consisted of: one week of book or instructor led lectures, followed by two weeks of hands on teaching inside a mocked-up camp. Once our initial training was complete, we received a... Free Essays on Poor Leadership Free Essays on Poor Leadership Poor Leadership is Responsible for Iraqi Prisoner Atrocities Donald H. McGannon once quoted that â€Å"Leadership is action, not position†. The author of a recently published Associated Press article titled â€Å"Troops Reprimanded For Abuse†, sited training as the reason for the abuse of prisoner in Iraq. I don’t believe training should be solely blamed as the cause for these atrocities. I believe that poor Leadership is the cause for the behavior US soldiers demonstrated against Iraqi prisoners. These atrocious deeds conducted by a few people have renewed the hatred toward American citizens and our military. As a recently retire Military Policeman from the United States Air Force, I find the actions of a few Army Soldiers to be an abomination against everything I spent twenty-two years protecting. Their actions have tarnished the reputation of every decent American trying to help the Iraqi people. This article sited Seven soldiers, six officers and one enlisted, who have received reprimands and been relieved of t heir duties for actions resulting from poor leadership. The article slanted the perception of the incident as the lack of training being the key in the actions taken by the guards. I believe even more apprehensible then the people who committed the acts, are the people placed in the leadership role that allowed it happen. In my view, poor command or leadership is the cause of this brutality, not inadequate training. As a military policeman I was assigned for four months as a guard at Camp X-Ray in Guantanimo Bay Cuba, watching Cuban Migrants. I can attest to the many hours of training that the Army provides its soldiers and anyone working with them, in regards to the protection of prisoners. The training I received from the Army consisted of: one week of book or instructor led lectures, followed by two weeks of hands on teaching inside a mocked-up camp. Once our initial training was complete, we received a...

STUXNET Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

STUXNET - Research Paper Example As the engineer hooked the computer to the Internet, the worm spread far and wide. How the Stuxnet Worm Spread The Stuxnet worm started to spread in March 2010, but it took its first variant about three months from then to appear. As people learnt about the existence of the worm on 15 July 2010, the servers for two mailing lists were attacked with the distributed denial-of-service on the industrial-systems security. Although at that time, the source of attack could not be worked out, yet it was suspected to be the Stuxnet worm. As a result of the attack, one of the two mailing lists got disabled, thus interrupting a very important informative source for the factories and the power plants. Two more variants of the Stuxnet worm surfaced; the first in March 2010 and the second in April 2010. In the authors’ opinion, the second and substantially improved variant showed up because of slow progression of the Stuxnet worm. The third variant that surfaced in April 2010 had only minor improvements. There is a build time-stamp in thee worm that starts from 3 February 2010. According to the report delivered by the Sky News on 25 November 2010 in the United Kingdom, an anonymous source whose IT security organization was also unidentified sent the news to Sky News that the black market had received a variation of the Stuxnet worm, but there was lack of consensus among the security experts over this matter. How the Stuxnet Worm Works Stuxnet makes use of vulnerability just like Windows uses the shortcut files to expand to new systems. The Stuxnet worm’s design was bottom-up so that it could effectively attack the systems implemented for the management of industrial networks like chemical manufacturing facilities and power plants as well as the systems of Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA). In the start, the Stuxnet worm was thought to progress through such removable drives as USB sticks. However, about two weeks after the Stuxnet worm was first id entified, researchers of the Kaspersky Lab working in Moscow found that an unknown security flaw in the sharing of printer resources by the Windows could also help the Stuxnet worm spread. Microsoft found a way to fix this vulnerability with MS10-061 which varies in risk from one type of windows to another. â€Å"At least one aspect of what Stuxnet does is to take control of the process and to be able to do†¦whatever the author or programmer wants it to do. This has potentially devastating consequences, and there needs to be a lot more attention focused on it† (Weiss cited in â€Å"‘Stuxnet’ Worm Far†). The Target of the Stuxnet Worm The main target of the Stuxnet worm is the Siemens software. One trait that distinguishes the Stuxnet worm from most viruses that have been identified to date is that it remains silent till the time the worm locates Siemens software in the Windows system. Once the Siemens software is found, the Stuxnet worm exploits up to four 0-day attacks. The Stuxnet worm infected the SCADA systems in 14 functional plants of Siemens, though the infections could not hold the infected plants’ productions. According to the IDG News reports, the Stuxnet worm has infected systems at the Siemens plants in North America, Korea, and the UK, while the maximum infections have so far been made in the plants operating in

Introduction and organizations as a soci-technical system Essay

Introduction and organizations as a soci-technical system - Essay Example Technology has often to be found as associated with implementation problems, examples of which are found from past and therefore STS has gained its importance in IT arena for quite a time. A number of establishments have summarized the way socio-technical principles can be put into practice (Lamb, Sawyer, & Kling, 2000). From personal experience it can be inferred that socio-technical system encompasses the technical issues that are at the same time associated with behavioral approaches. A linkage between technological elements and social interactions has found to be extremely important and accommodating. Bhatt (2001) indicated that â€Å"†¦knowledge management is best carried out through the optimization of technological and social subsystems†. Scacchi (2005) uses STINs (Socio-technical Interaction Networks) to understand Free and Open Source Software Development (F/OSSD) as discussed by Meyer E.T (2006). The weakness of socio-technical system described by Meyer E.T (2006) is that â€Å"whether a system that embodies both people and technology can be demonstrated not be in

Causes and Solutions to the Obesity Epidemic

Causes and Solutions to the Obesity Epidemic Poor eating habits and the physical health of 21st century human beings has become the centre of worldwide discussions. It is far more complex than merely understanding and using the nutritional information available. A mixture of an individual’s financial position, geographical location and will power are to blame but it seems as if unethical scientific studies, uninformed decisions by members of government and the availability of false information are major contributing factors to the status quo. However, it is evident that healthy people are less of a burden on society than those who overeat and do not partake in regular exercise. Obesity is an epidemic defined as the abnormal or excessive fat accumulation of which millions of individuals around the world have fallen victim to. The disease is preventable but more than 65% of the world’s population live in areas where overweight and obesity kills more than underweight, 10% of the world’s adult population is clinically obese and 40 million children under the age of 5 are classified as being overweight. The statistics are horrifying but the effects are evident particularly in the United States of America where its affects are seen in every state. The obesity statistics in South Africa are no better. Currently 29% of men and 56% of women are classified as being overweight or obese and of those individuals 71% have never tried to cut down and 78% think that they are perfectly healthy. The blame seems to be on Westernisation and Urbanisation as well as the fact that we are among the highest consumers of alcohol in the World. Obesity has doubled since 1980 and it is currently the 5th leading cause of death. The fix is near impossible especially with the current nonchalant attitude with regard to the addressing of the disease. The lack of urgency towards addressing the problem is evident worldwide, particularly in the United Arab Emirates where type-2 diabetes is now seen in children as young as the age of 10. It appears that in affluent countries such as the UAE-where people are spoiled by higher incomes-that overeating rather than the sedentary lifestyle is to blame for the poor health statistics. The rapidity of the problem took hold half a century back where their lifestyle changed as a result of population growth and urbanisation. The UAE staple diet now consists mainly of rice, bread and sweet fruits and the sudden explosion of delivery services and restaurants has compiled the problem. According to Dr Kazem Behbehani, â€Å"We need to invest heavily in nutrition,† and so the UAE draft strategy was implemented. The aim is to educate the public with regard to health and nutrition and also target the manufacturing sector where it will emphasise ethical marketing and labelling strategies. The epidemic can be reduced through a combined effort by the individual, society and the food industry. The individual has the responsibility to limit energy intake and partake in regular physical activity. Society must show its sustained political commitment and make pursuing a life of health, affordable and easily accessible. The biggest responsibility lies with the food industry as they are the ones that should provide healthy and nutritious choices and ensure responsible marketing. Another factor to consider with regard to the poor health of individuals around the world is the fast food industry. According to the Huffington post about 50% of all meals consumed daily are away from home and one in five breakfasts is eaten from McDonalds. The calorie intake has surged since 1980 from 3200 calories per day to a whopping 3900 and can be seen by looking at figure 14 that shows the changes of calorie intake over the past 40 years. The fact that there are over half a million fast food restaurants staking their claim around the world is a concern as it shows the demand for them outweighs the supply. McDonalds alone feeds 68 million people per day and is the largest toy distributer in the world which explains why children develop such resilient reliance and trust with McDonalds at a very young age. Calorie intake varies according to gender, age and height. There are, however, calorie intake guidelines for adults. The recommended calorie intake per day for sedentary males and females is 2,000 to 2,600 and 1,600 to 2,000 respectively. If an individual is active these amounts increase, for males it is 2,400 to 3,000 and for females it is 2,000 to 2,400 calories per day. What many people do not realise is how many calories are in the food they consume particularly in fast food. If we compare the amount of calories in a fast food meal (regular burger, fries and a milkshake) from the three major fast food chains around the world, namely KFC, Burger King and McDonalds one will notice that an individual would have almost expended their daily calorie intake in one meal. †¢McDonalds (Big Mac, Regular Fries and a Chocolate Milkshake) = 1780 †¢KFC (Burger, Regular Fries and a Crusher)= 1125 †¢Burger King (Whopper, Regular fries and a Chocolate Milkshake)= 1750 As a result of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act all restaurant chains with 20 or more locations in the United States are now required to post the calorie contents of their products on menus or boards. The calorie information is relatively easy to find but whether or not people use them is debatable but a study conducted by NYU Langone confirms that the posting of nutritional information at fast food chains does not influence an individual’s choice in product consumption. As a result it has no effect on the amount of calories consumed, â€Å"10 percent of the respondents in our study said that calorie labels at fast-food chains resulted in them choosing fewer calories.† A comprehensive study conducted in Boston and Philadelphia by Bryan Bollinger, Phillip Leslie, Alan Sorensen and their team found that, â€Å"Mandatory calorie posting does inà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡uence consumer behaviour at Starbucks, causing average calories per transaction to decrease by 6%.† But the effect is insignificant when you look at figure 12.4 where calorie posting before and after produced practically identical graphs of calorie consumption. They also note that, â€Å"Calorie posting did not cause any statistically significant change in Starbucks revenue overall.† If calorie posting does not affect a company’s overall revenue one wonders why every fast food chain does not partake in global calorie posting. Whether or not the effects on weight loss are statistically significant or not calorie posting should become the norm. Society needs to be constantly exposed to calorie posting if the effects on an individual’s health are to be meaningful. Bryan Bollinger makes an interesting comment. It seems only reasonable to assume that the providing of nutrition information to consumers would assist them in purchasing healthier products. The idea is that consumers would be shocked to realise how many calories are in the beverage and/or food that they consume. However, it appears that consumers at chain stores are more concerned about convenience, price and taste, rather than the nutrition information. And those who do care about nutrition information and calories either do not go to fast food chains in the first place and/or are already well-informed because the information is easily accessible on company websites. If nutritional information were going to make a difference it would appear at chain stores, however, if they assume that the calorie consumption for all chain stores was reduced by 6% then, â€Å"It would imply a decrease in total calorie consumption on the order of 1.5%† This amounts to a mere 30 calories and if it was going to have any meaningful effect on weight loss it would have to be between 500-1000 calories per day. The paper suggests that mandatory calorie posting is only an acceptable policy if the benefits outweigh the costs. If anything they hope that calorie posting will encourage companies to offer more low-calorie items and that the consumer’s exposure to this information will make them more aware of the nutritional value of the foods they eat. They conclude that, â€Å"Our back-of-the-envelope calculation suggests that average reductions resulting from calorie posting in chain restaurants will not by themselves have a major impact on obesity.† The study does have its shortfalls and the effects of calorie posting may have been understated as they acknowledge in the paper: 1.The study assumed that the calorie intake of every individual was 2000 calories per day. They comment that it may be higher and this would mean that the reduction of calories per day could be much higher. 2.The study was only taken from Starbucks and this could understate the impact of nutrition information at other chain stores. In their study they found that consumers were more sensitive to calories ingested from food and not beverages which means that the effects of nutrition posting could be higher at other chain stores. 3.The impact of nutrition posting could be much higher chain stores promoted tasty, low-priced, low-calorie products. The single most significant factor on the state of an individual’s health and eating habit is their diet. A diet is a concept whereby an individual eats food in a regulated fashion with the aim to either maintain, increase or decrease their current weight. It is often used in combination with exercise but studies by the APA journal (among others) have found that the majority of individuals regain all weight irrespective whether or not they maintain diet and exercise. There are a variety of diets that either restrict calorie intake or a particular macronutrient but meta-analysis of randomised controls found no difference in weight loss. It appears that as long as calories are reduced weight will be lost but it is also evident that the restriction of certain macronutrients such as carbohydrates results in fast weight loss over a shorter period of time. Diets appear to arise as a result of an individual’s own miraculous weight loss and William Banting is no exception. In his Letter on Corpulence that he wrote in 1863 he describes his low-calorie and low-carb diet. Banting was morbidly obese and he blamed it on his love for farinaceous foods such as, â€Å"Bread, milk, butter, sugar and potatoes [†¦] these, said my excellent advisor, contain starch and saccharine matter, tending to create fat.† Many individuals-like Banting and others-do not realise that their daily eating habits have a detrimental effect on their health. Generally poor eating habits result in a poor state of heath. †¢Drinking alcohol: Increases ones insulin resistance which results in the storage of excess carbohydrates in the form of fat and hinders its use as fuel. †¢Compulsive snacking and food binging: Eating large amounts of food (often driven by emotions) results in eating beyond the point of being full. †¢Skipping breakfast: It is by far the most important meal of the day and failing to eat at this time results in an energy drain, disruption of metabolism, reduction in the amount of carbohydrates burned and increases likelihood of snacking. †¢Eating heavy meals before bed: Your body fails to burn and digest the carbohydrates as fuel and as a result the body stores it as fat. Dieting is not as simple as it is made out to be as many individuals have realised. However, Tim Noakes believes that the current poor health of individuals around the world is the result of an unethical study conducted by Ancel Keys that has resulted in decades of individuals failing to lose weight. The ‘Seven-Countries Study’ conducted by Keys is considered a case of manipulated bias. The study was published in 1953 by Keys who was already a well-respected American biochemist. In the publication he drew a comparison to the cholesterol levels in individuals and the amount of fat that one consumed. Despite having enough statistics from 22 countries he only selected 7 of them that supported his theory. The countries that were omitted did not support his hypothesis such as Holland and Norway whose diets comprised of large amounts of fat but who had some of the lowest cases of heart disease. Conversely there were cases where fat consumption was low but heart disease was high such as in Chile. There were many flaws in Keys work: 1.The data came from 7 of the 22 countries that suited his theory. 2.He failed to use randomised controlled clinical trials and only ever reported observational studies. As a result he could not prove his theory unequivocally. 3.He never considered other variables that could explain the relationship explored in his theory such as the growth in cigarette consumption. 4.He was not a clinician and had never treated a patient that suffered from the disease. Political events such as the desperate need to bring down the food price and increase the wealth of US farmers allowed for the global exploitation of Keys false theory. Senator George McGovern wanted to restrict the intake of saturate fats and eggs by implementing the United States Dietary Goals for Americans (USDGA). The guidelines for the USDGA were compiled by Nick Mottern who had no formal training in nutrition science and now the American diet was based on 8-12 servings of grains and cereals a day so that they could successfully implement industrial scale production of corn and soy. US government agencies such as the National Institute of Health used research budget to prove that people that follow the guidelines will become immune to diabetes, heart disease and obesity. They spent over $700 million promoting the Food Pyramid but could not prove that a dietary change would produce significant health benefits. Figure 2 shows that the sudden increase of obesity since the 1980s is as a result of the USDGA. The stimulatory effect of carbohydrates on hunger results in the increase in calorie consumption and figure 5 shows that the increased consumption of calories from carbohydrates matches exactly the increasing rates of obesity from the beginning of the 1980s. What many people do not know is that out of all the macronutrients (fat, protein and carbohydrates) available the one that our body can do without are carbohydrates. Humans have the ability to obtain their energy requirements from proteins and fats-a process called gluconeogenesis-and there are no scientific studies that show that avoiding carbohydrates have short or long term effects on humans. There are, however, studies that support the Low-Carb, High-Fat diet (LCHF) promoted by Noakes and his team as a more suitable means of weight loss as opposed to other diets. A study conducted by the New England Journal of Medicine in 2003 found statistically no difference over a period of 12 months but low-carb diets are a more effective means of weight loss over a shorter period of time when compared to low-fat diets. History shows that ancient humans such as the Egyptians suffered from severe tooth decay, bone fractures, high blood pressure, diabetes and obesity. These are symptoms similar to those that we now see in many individuals today. It is believed that the Egyptians diet, like ours, comprised mainly of refined carbohydrates. As Michael Eades says in his book Protein Power if such is the ultimately health diet, â€Å"Rich in all foods believed to promote health and almost devoid of saturated fat and cholesterol [†¦] then ancient Egyptians should have lived forever.† There are many shortcomings to the LCHF diet promoted by Professor Tim Noakes as explained by Christopher Gardner in a presentation presented at the Stanford University. One cannot confirm if it is the reduction of carbohydrates or the increase of fat in an individual’s diet that is behind the miraculous weight loss. The mere fact that you are restricting your carbohydrate intake to extremely low levels means that you immediately reduce calorie intake and despite having the ability to eat copious amounts of fat one cannot eat a tub of butter without bread to put it on. The result of the LCHF diet means your stomach shrinks and you have the ability to go without feeling hungry for 6-12 hours. There is also the important issue of fat loss versus muscle loss. Weight loss typically involves loss of fat, water and muscle. The aim of weight loss is to reduce the percentage of body fat. Muscle tissue, however, is denser than fat and a mere 10% reduction can have a dramatic effect on the shape of the body. The fact that muscle loss occurs is based on our Basic Metabolic Rate (BMR). This is the amount of calories the body requires when at rest and is influenced by the weight and muscle mass of an individual. More muscle means more calories without any ‘weight’ gain. In order to lose fat one must have a daily caloric intake that is greater than or equal to the BMR. Muscle and fat loss occurs when the daily caloric intake is less than or equal to the BMR. Maintaining muscle whilst losing fat is difficult but muscle loss can be restricted by regular lifting of weights and sufficient protein intake. There are many other diets such as the famous Atkins diet but a more recent diet based on the idea that no two humans are the same and that means one should eat according to their genetic make-up. The diet is as a result of Dr Peter D’Adamo’s work that certain foods are beneficial to certain blood types where others are harmful. It is evident that there is just far too much information out there surrounding proper dieting and nutrition. Individuals are bombarded with information that could possibly be false and based on no scientific studies but even those that are could not work for some individuals. It comes down to will power. If one partakes in regular exercise, follows an eating plan that contains sufficient nutrients and stays committed then I believe that anyone has the ability to live a healthy lifestyle. Finally the effect of obesity on the modern world is a financial one. It costs the United States government $190 billion a year in treatments alone and it is expected to rise to $344 billion by 2018. This means that the obesity-related treatments make up 10% of the annual medical spending. On average obese people spend 42 percent more on healthcare costs than healthy-weight people and obesity-related job absenteeism costs $4.3 billion annually. In closing poor eating habits and the physical health of human beings is only partly dependent on the availability and the understanding of nutritional information as the issue is far more complex. Individuals are bombarded with information (correct or not) and are far more concerned with price and taste rather than their well-being. Simplistically, the more educated we are in nutritional information the more informed we can be as individuals to take responsibility for our own health. It is however clear that healthy people are less of a burden on society.

Process Strategy and Analysis For Toyota Motors Corporation Essay

Introduction When organizations seek to improve or transform their resources into goods and services, they are, in a way, developing their process strategy in producing their customer and product specifications at lower costs and less managerial constraints. As companies are targeting global markets at present, each organization needs to decide on long-term competitive goals that are strategic in nature. In making these process decisions, managers need to focus on controlling competitive priorities like quality, flexibility, time, and cost to meet the global demand for their products. In having a look at Toyota Motor Corporation’s process strategy, it will be helpful to realize why their decisions for both service and manufacturing processes are successful. By determining the processes that comprise their operations, we will be able to assess if their value chains are managed efficiently and effectively. According to Krajewski et al. (2007), a process strategy specifies the pattern of decisions made in managing processes so that they will achieve their competitive priorities. Also, a â€Å"process strategy guides a variety of process decisions, and in turn is guided by operations strategy and the organization’s ability to obtain the resources necessary to support them†. Thus, a process strategy consists of decisions that help define the value chain. Usually these decisions seek the improvement of processes and they are done most likely when: A gap exists between competitive priorities and competitive capabilities. A new or substantially modified service or product is being offered. Quality must be improved. Competitive priorities have changed. Demand for a service or product is changing. Current performance is inadequate. The cost or availability of inputs has changed. Competitors are gaining by using a new process. New technologies are available. Someone has a better idea. As a leading auto manufacturer in the world, Toyota Motor Corporation sells its vehicles in more than 170 countries and regions worldwide. Toyota’s primary markets for its automobiles are Japan, North America, Europe and Asia. Employing nearly 300,000 people, its headquarters is located in Toyota City, Japan. Their products include passenger cars, recreational and sport-utility vehicles; minivans and trucks. Toyota’s subsidiary, Daihatsu Motor Company, also produces and sells mini-vehicles and compact cars. While another brand, Hino Motors produces and sells commercial vehicles. More importantly, Toyota manufactures automotive parts, components and accessories for its own use and for sale. Toyota has 52 manufacturing facilities in 27 countries and regions (Toyota Website). Process Strategies in Toyota One of the most notable processes that Toyota Motor Corporation had made famous is the Toyota Production System (TPS). At present, TPS is also known for a variety of terms like lean systems or just-in-time (JIT) manufacturing, lean production, stockless production and zero inventories. Cox and Blackstone (1998) defined lean systems as â€Å"a philosophy of production that emphasizes the minimization of the amount of all the resources (including time) used in the various activities of the enterprise †¦Ã¢â‚¬  Lean systems thinking was initiated and developed as the TPS. It was Toyota’s vice president Taiichi Ohno who pushed for the TPS beginning in 1937 when he discovered that labor at American manufacturers was nine times more productive than labor at Japanese manufacturers (Monden 1983, p. v). Since there was a pressure to improve after World War II because capital was restricted and production volumes were low, Ohno researched on some methods they can adopt in Toyota to make their production system work better. However, it was not until the 1973 oil crisis that most Japanese manufacturers became interested in TPS and it was not until the end of the 1970s that a significant number of U.S. manufacturers began to investigate TPS. The Toyota Production System became widely known in the United States in 1983 when a book of that title was published. During the 1980s, the popular term in the United States for the TPS system was â€Å"just-in-time manufacturing†. At the beginning of the 1990s, the term lean systems became popular because of a series of books and articles by U.S. consultants and researchers in which they referred to TPS as â€Å"lean systems,† because they allow more and more to be done with less and less. Fact is that Ohno only borrowed important roots of lean systems from two distinct American institutions: Henry Ford’s mass production system and the supermarket. Lean Systems That Sparked More Process Strategies In the book by Womack and Jones (1996), entitled Lean Thinking, they simplified Ohno’s lean systems approach. As it is not just a set of techniques but a management philosophy, this means managers must have a different mental model or perspective of managing the manufacturing process. The five steps or principles to develop this mental model are: Precisely specify value for each specific product. Identify the value stream for each product. Make value flow without interruptions. Let the customer pull value from the producer. Pursue perfection. During the 1980s, some U.S. companies have adopted lean systems successfully. But many more failed or even refused to take action. Many managers are skeptical that TPS could not succeed in the United States or it provided no real benefits. However, the publication of a book titled The Machine That Changed the World (Womack, Jones & Roos, 1990) ended the debate about whether lean systems created real, lasting benefits. The book presented the results of a three-year study of automobile manufacturing throughout the developed world. They found that in 1990 a Japanese plant in Japan took 16.8 hours to build an auto, while a U.S plant in the United States took 25.1 hours per car. Not only did a Japanese plant produce cars faster, its cars had fewer defects per hundred vehicles, lower space requirements, and lower inventories than their competitors. Their findings also indicate that it is the management system and not the country’s culture that is responsible for the success of lean companies, since Japanese plants in the United States performed better than U.S. plants on all criteria. Aside from the TPS, Toyota pursued total quality management or â€Å"kaizen†, a change strategy that involves a continuous incremental improvement of work procedures. Using kaizen, production-line employees are made responsible for finding ways to improve work procedures to drive down costs and drive up quality. Individually, and in quality groups or circles, employees suggest ways to improve how a particular Toyota car model is made. Over time, from their thousands of suggestions, incremental innovations made to the car assembly process result in major improvements to the final product. Employees receive cash bonuses and rewards for finding ways to improve work procedures, and the result has been a continuous increase in car quality and reduced manufacturing costs. In the 2000s, under the leadership of Toyota’s new president, Jujio Cho, the company sought to increase the speed of change to further improve its efficiency and quality to gain an edge over its major competitors such as GM, Ford, and Daimler-Chrysler. It has begun a series of new kinds of change programs, each directed at improving some aspect of its operations, which Toyota hopes will bring both incremental and radical changes to the way it operates. Some incremental change programs involve strengthening its kaizen program, such as â€Å"pokayoke,† or mistake-proofing. This initiative concentrates on the stages of the assembly process that have led to most previous quality problems; employees are required to double- and triple-check a particular stage to discover defective parts or to fix improper assembly operations that lead to subsequent customer complaints. Another program is Construction of Cost Competitiveness for the 21st Century program or â€Å"CCC21,† which involves working with the company’s suppliers to find ways to reduce the costs of Toyota’s car components by 30 percent—something that will result in billions of dollars in savings. Toyota has also introduced a new manufacturing process called â€Å"GBL,† which uses a sophisticated new assembly process to hold a car body firmly in place during production. This allows welding and assembly operations to be performed more accurately, resulting in better-quality cars. GBL has also enabled Toyota to build factories that Toyota to build factories that can assemble several different kinds of models on the same production line with no loss in efficiency or quality. This is a major competitive advantage. The company’s global network of plants can now quickly change the kinds of cars they are making depending on buyers’ demands for various models at different points in time (Dawson, 21 February 2005). Other radical change efforts have focused on revamping Toyota’s development and design process to keep up with changing customer needs and demographics. In the 1990s, for example, the age of the average Toyota car buyer steadily rose. Despite Toyota’s climbing global sales (which exceeded $203 billion in 2006), the company was criticized for failing to understand how the market was changing. Some blamed the problem on centralized decision making at the company and a culture that had long been dominated by Toyota’s cautious and frugal Japanese designers. Rather than designing innovative, flexible vehicles customers were increasingly demanding, Toyota continued to focus on cutting costs and increasing the quality of its vehicles. To quickly get an improved design process into gear, President Cho bolstered two new change techniques to radically alter the design process: PDCA and â€Å"obeya†. Obeya is based on frequent brainstorming sessions among engineers, designers, production managers, and marketers designed to speed new model cars to the market. PDCA (â€Å"plan,† â€Å"do,† check,† â€Å"action†) is a program designed to empower the company’s designers outside of Japan to intervene in the car development process and champion designs that meet the needs of local customers. The results of promoting a flexible, decentralized car design process were the speedy introduction of the rugged eight-cylinder Tundra pickup truck and the angular, ScionxB compact in the United States, as well as the Yaris, Toyota’s best-selling European car. The Yaris was designed in Europe, and its success there led to its subsequent introduction in Japan where it also sold well (Hill, 2004). Conclusion Throughout its existence, we could see that Toyota has managed their process strategies effectively as they root everything out from the TPS. Through the TPS, they continued to change and improve their processes to lessen production time, lessen the wastes and make production efficient to the benefit of both the company and its employees. Also, it is important to note that, despite all these changes, their customers remain at the core of their focus as Toyota seeks to meet all their demands. As for their management, the decisions are translated into actual process designs or redesigns. This matches the complementary philosophies for process design: (1) process reengineering and (2) process improvement (Krajewski et al., 2007). In this regard, we could say that Toyota Motors Corporation has an excellent decision patterns to further improve their manufacturing processes in the future. The Process Analysis of the Toyota Motor Corporation Introduction In the book The Toyota Way, Liker (2003) claimed that Toyota has the fastest product development process in the world. In analyzing their manufacturing process, Liker found that new cars and trucks take only 12 months or less to design in Toyota, while competitors typically require two to three years. Also, Toyota has been benchmarked to be the best in its class by all of its peers and competitors throughout the world. This is because Toyota maintains high quality, high productivity, faster manufacturing speed and flexibility in processing their products (p. 5). All these successes are due to the TPS that Liket (2003) summarized into 4 Ps (Problem-Solving, People and Partners, Process and Philosophy (see Figure 1). Figure 1. 4Ps That Comprise the Toyota Production Systems (Source: Liker, 2003). Analyzing the TPS In the process part of the TPS, we can see at its core is the goal of eliminating waste. For example, in the manual assembly operation of a truck chassis assembly line (see Figure 2). The operator takes many individual steps, but generally only a small number of the steps add value to the product, as far as the customer is concerned. In this case, only the three steps identified add value. Although some of the non value-added steps are necessary (for example, the operator has to reach to get the power tool), the point here is to minimize the time spent on non-value-added operations by positioning the tools and material as close as possible to the point of assembly. Toyota has identified seven major types of non-value-adding waste in business or manufacturing processes: Overproduction. Producing items for which there are no orders, which generates such wastes as overstaffing and storage and transportation costs because of excess inventory. Waiting (time on hand). Workers merely serving to watch an automated machine or having to stand around waiting for the next processing step, tool, supply, part, etc., or just plain having no work because of stockouts, lot processing delays, equipment downtime, and capacity bottlenecks. Unnecessary transport or conveyance. Carrying work in process (WIP) long distances, creating inefficient transport, or moving materials, parts, or finished goods into or out of storage or between processes. Overprocessing or incorrect processing. Taking unneeded steps to process the parts. Inefficiently processing due to poor tool and product design, causing unnecessary motion and producing defects. Waste is generated when providing higher-quality products than is necessary. Excess inventory. Excess raw material, WIP, or finished goods causing longer lead times, obsolescence, damaged goods, transportation and storage costs, and delay. Also, extra inventory hides problems such as production imbalances, late deliveries from suppliers, defects, equipment downtime, and long setup times. Unnecessary movement. Any wasted motion employees have to perform during the course of their work, such as looking for, reaching for, or stacking parts, tools, etc. Also, walking is waste. Defects. Production of defective parts or correction. Repair or rework, scrap, replacement production, and inspection mean wasteful handling, time, and effort. Unused employee creativity. Losing time, ideas, skills, improvements, and learning opportunities by not engaging or listening to your employees (Liker 2003, p. 28-29). Figure 2. Waste in a Truck Chassis Assembly Line (Source: Liker, 2003). Figure 3. Timeline of Waste in a Value System (Source: Liker, 2003). TPS: A Goal Driven Process Like any system, the TPS is a goal-driven set of interrelated or linked activities. Managers who recognize that they are managing a system are aware of two main points: (1) the system reacts to any solution and (2) the system controls the behavior of those individuals who operate within it. The first point means that there are often unintended consequences when a solution to a problem in a system is introduced. To avoid unintended consequences, managers must fully understand the system. The second point means that managers must avoid attributing the problems in a system to the character of the individuals within the system. The manager must instead identify how the structure of the system is shaping the choices of the individuals within the system. By understanding these two points, the manager can now redesign the system to increase the system’s performance. The incorrect use of performance measures can prevent the successful introduction of lean systems. For example, a performance measurement system that encourages high equipment and high labor utilization often discourages production at the rate demanded by the customer. Indeed, these performance measures actually encourage large-batch production, thus creating the waste of overproduction and decreasing the system’s ability to respond to the customer. Firms that implement lean systems often use a performance measure called overall equipment effectiveness (OEE). Soiichi Nakajima (1988) first formulated this performance measure to assess how effectively equipment is maintained and operated. Figure 4 shows six types of capacity losses in the right-hand column (breakdown losses, setup and adjustment losses, idling and minor stoppages, speed losses, quality defects, and start-up and yield losses). These capacity losses are organized into three categories: downtime losses, speed losses, and quality losses. Figure 4. Six Probable Causes For Equipment Losses (Source: Masaji & Goto, 1992). Knowing performance measurements are an important part of any manufacturing system, thus TPS support the elimination of possible waste. The operations manager must select the performance measurements that will encourage behaviors that lead to the desired business performance. In TPS, the desired business performance is shorter flow time, reduced costs, and faster response to the customer. Another advantage of the TPS is its support towards employee empowerment as a means for continuous improvement. Toyota empowers its employees by training them to use the scientific method to continuously improve processes. The scientific method involves four elements: theory, hypotheses, data, and verification. In the research of Spear and Bowen (1999) they indicated that the scientific method is integrated into the Toyota Production System so that every time a job is performed is an experiment. This creates a system where all the work processes are very specified and structured, but the system itself is very flexible and responsive. Toyota implements the scientific method as part of four unspoken rules that everyone in the organization must learn and practice: Highly Specified Work – Toyota’s first rule requires that managers, engineers, and line workers fully understand how a job is to be done and its relationship to other jobs. By ensuring that every job has a very clearly defined set of steps, it is obvious when the correct process is not being followed and it is also obvious when more training is needed or when the job definition needs to be changed. This allows quick identification and correction of any problems that occur. This first rule reduces variance in how work is done. By creating a highly specified sequence of steps to perform the job, Toyota is actually proposing a theory that this procedure is the best way to do the job. Given this theory, two implicit hypotheses in every standard job specification are first that each person doing the activity is capable of performing it correctly and second that performing the activity as specified actually creates the expected outcome. Direct Connections – Toyota’s second rule states that there must be direct, unambiguous communication between each customer and supplier. Direct, unambiguous communication means that each customer and each supplier know the exact form and quantity of goods and services to be provided. The theory implicit in this second rule is that the supplier has the capacity to meet the customer’s needs as they are communicated. This theory leads to two hypotheses: (1) the customers’ requests will be for goods and services in a specific mix and volume and (2) the supplier can respond to the customers’ requests. The production process generates data through the observation of the customer-supplier interactions. Simple Direct Pathways – Toyota’s third rule is that all pathways must be simple and direct. This means that goods and services must flow to a specific person or machine. The underlying theory in this rule is that having simple and direct pathways will quickly reveal any source of variances in the flow of goods and services. This rule suggests two hypotheses: (1) every supplier is necessary and (2) any supplier not connected to the pathway is not necessary. Each day of production provides data to analyze the hypotheses. Was there a supplier who was not connected to a pathway? Obviously any supplier or activity not connected to the flow pathway can be eliminated. This rule eliminates noise from the system and means that there are no pooled queues of completed work from suppliers waiting for the customers to use. Instead, completed work leaves one activity and goes to the next activity. If one supplier has a high variance in deliveries, their variance will not be hidden b y the deliveries of the other suppliers. Scientific Method – Toyota’s fourth rule requires that employees be trained to formulate and test hypotheses about how they can improve their job activities. Toyota constantly encourages its workers to conduct experiments trying to identify a better method of performing their job activities. Conclusion In analyzing the Toyota Production System, we can deem that the company seeks to benchmark their operations to become more efficient. This is the reason why that the TPS is highly regarded among all companies in the world because it focuses on setting quantitative goals for improvement. TPS seeks to make Toyota’s manufacturing processes to be made simple and they are utilizing a scientific model that goes one step further it transforms their processes to be more dynamic. The Toyota management is also constantly gathering ideas for reengineering or improving a process become apparent after documenting the process. They are carefully examining the areas of substandard performance, efficient interaction between departments and finally making customers’ preferences a prime priority. The ultimate goal of TPS is to apply the ideal of one-piece flow to all Toyota’s business operations, from product design to launch, order taking, and physical production by eliminating the unnecessary waste. Thus, the TPS is an all-encompassing philosophy that includes product design, process design, equipment and facilities design, supply chain coordination, job design, and productivity improvement. If there is one â€Å"key† to successful implementation of TPS, it’s adopting a holistic approach. This is probably the reason why Toyota remains to be one of the most admired companies in the world because they implemented a system that cut all the unnecessary costs and produced faster results without compromising the product expectations of their stakeholders. References Cox, J.F. & Blackstone, J.H. Jr. (Eds). (1998). APICS Dictionary, 9th ed. Alexandria, VA: APICS. Dawson, C. (2005, Feb 21). A China Price for Toyota.   Business Week, 3921, 50-51. Hill C.W.L. (2004). Toyota, in C. W. L. Hill & G. R. Jones, Strategic Management: An Integrated Approach, Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Krajewski, L.J., Ritzman, L.P. & Malhotra, M.K. (2007). Operations Management: Processes and Value Chains, 8th   ed. NJ: Prentice-Hall. Liker, J. (2003). Toyota Way. Blacklick, OH: McGraw-Hill Professional Publishing. Monden, Y. (1983). Toyota Production System, Norcross, GA: Industrial Engineering and Management Press. Nakajima, S. (1988). 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